On wave impact pressure variability

The variability of the largest wave impacts, where nominally identical waves produce significantly different pressures, is widely known. However, mechanisms are not well understood. Here we provide a review and investigation factors affecting impact pressures on steep walls, quantifying range parameters that have been used in literature. We then present two investigations: (i) Setup 1 effect structure slope (ii) 2 effects kinematics pressure variability. Firstly, impacts arising from about 250 focused groups interacting with three values wall steepness (vertical, 10° to vertical, 27° vertical) showed steeper walls resulted larger loads, which were experienced higher up wall. maximum data was seen be good fit Gumbel model for vertical but closer log-Normal distribution Parameter estimates those distributions revealed systematic variation could potentially predict at intermediate angles locations. highly variable speed, it estimated 10 m/s 1:25 scale, decreasing In second investigation, provided using particle tracking velocimetry, rapidly varying velocities close location observed, being reasonable Weibull distribution. Findings indicate though water surface may appear calm, residual sub-surface undoubtedly play some role subsequent pressures. • Impact probability deduced geometries. variation. Wave obtained velocimetry. Coefficient than